Indian National Movement in Mizo

    India rama thil thleng lian leh nghawngna ber chu Indian National Movement kha a ni ti ila kan sawi sual tam lo ang. Kumipinu rorelna hnuai atanga zalenna chang tura India-in a beihna kha chanchin ngaihnawm a ni a, khawvel pum ang pawhin history bu-a hmun pawimawh chang reng tawh tur a ni.

Background

    Europeans zinga India ram rawn thleng hmasa ber chu Portuguese ho an ni a, kum 1498 March ni 17 khan Vasco da Gama chuan Culicut a lo thleng a. An hnung zui hian Europe hnam dang pawhin India leilung an lo rap ve a, a hnua India thununtu ni zui ta English ho chu kum 1599-ah an lo thleng ve a. A tira sumdawng satliah mai mai ni si khan an sumdawnna an zauh zel a, zawi zawiin India chu an awpbet nghet ta telh telh a ni.

    British ho awpna hnuaia India a kun tak hnu hian India mite nekchepna leh hleih bikna tam tak a thleng a, a awptuten an mahni sum bawm tihlen chiah an ngaihtuah avangin India miteah lungawi lohna a intuh ve reng a. Kum 1857 a lo thlen phei chuan ram mite hnena chhiah sang tak lak a nih avang te, India sipaite hlawh hniam bik avang leh sipaia subedar thleng bak pelh theih loh a nihna bakah sipaite silai hman tur cartridge chu vawk thau(muslim sa ten ber) leh bawng thau(hindu sa thianghlim) atanga siam a nih avangin sipai zingah lungawi lohna a puak keh ta a, 1857 helna(Revolt of 1857) tiin saphoin chhinchhiah mah se zalenna sualna hmasa ber(first war of Independence) tiin India lam chuan an sawi thung a ni. Indian National Movement hi hemi kum atanga intan leh India-in zalenna a chan, 1947 thleng awh niin a sawi theih ang.

Indian National Congress

    Kum 1885 a lo thlen chuan British officer retired AO Hume chuan Indian National Congress a rawn din a, December ni 28-ah inhmuhkhawm hmasa ber, palai 72 te nen neih a ni.  He hunah hian WC Bonnerjee chu president hmasa ber atan thlan a ni a, India ram pum huap anga National Movement intanna anga sawite pawh an awm bawk a ni.

    Indian National Congress thil tum leh hmalak dan hi phase hnih ang deuha then theih a ni a. Kum 1885 atanga 1905 inkarah kha chuan a zawiawi leh thawmna lo zawngin an kal a, mipuite hnena hnam rilru tuh chu an tum ber niin he hun hi moderate phase ti-a sawi a ni. Kum 1905 atanga 1917 inkarah chuan zawiawi taka kal duhkhawp lohna leh vunngoho pawh tlawm ve thei tho an ni tih hriatnain na deuh zawka kal duhna a hring a. He hun hi extremist phase ti-a sawi a ni.

    Kum 1905 October ni 16-ah Kumpinu thupekin Bengal atangin East Bengal leh Assam an thenhrang a, British ho divide and rule policy ni-a ngaiin duh lohna nasa taka lantir a ni a. Indian National Congress chu a bultumtu leh Bengal thendarh do nasa ber a ni a. Hei hian Swadeshi(India mite siam chhuah chauh hman) movement leh ram pawn thil hnawlna(boycott) movement a hring chhuak a ni.

    Kum 1906-ah Muslim hruaitu thenkhat Aga Khan, Nawab Salimullah of Dhaka leh Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk te chuan Muslim pawl, Muslim League an din a, anni thung hi chuan Bengal thenhran kha thlawpin Swadeshi Movement an kalh a, Muslimte himna tur an thupui ber. Muslim League hi a hnu zela Indian National Movement-ah a pawimawh ber pakhat a ni chho a ni.

    Kum 1907 a lo thlen chuan Indian National Congress khawmpui Surat-ah neih a ni a, he khawmpuiah hian zawiawi zawka kal duh leh na taka kal duhte zingah ngaihdan insual nasa tak a awm a, chu chuan Indian National Congress chu a tiphel a ni. Na taka kal duh lam hi thuang thum, Maharashtrian group, Bengal group leh Punjab group angin an kal.

Home Rule Movement

    Extremist hruaitu langsar Bal Gangadhar Tilak, kum ruk chhung zet Mandlay-a tang a lo chhuah hnu chuan mipui nawrna avang leh tanrual tul tihna avangin kalhrang titih tawh na taka kal duh pawl lam pawh chu Indian National Congress huangah chuan intahluh chhoh leh an tum a. Indian National Congress hmeichhe president hmasa ber Annie Besant te nen Home Rule Movement an tan a ni.

    Home Rule Movement hi Ireland ho tihdan atanga lak a ni a, British lalram hnuaia India miten mahni-a ro an inrelna tura hmalakna a ni ber. Bal Gangadhar Tilak hi ‘Zalenna hi ka pianvo a ni a, ka chang ngei tur a ni(Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it)’ tih auhla chham chhuaktu a ni nghe nghe.

    Kum 1916-ah Lucknow khawpuiah khawmpui neih a ni a, hetah hian Indian National Congress phel tawh chu inzawm lehin Muslim League nen pawh inremna neih a ni.

    Kum 1919-ah chuan sorkarin court thiam loh chantirna pawh ngai lo-a a duh duh kum hnih chhung a man theihna dan leh Britain danpuia mipui zalenna innghahna ber Habeas Corpus a suspend theihna dan chu Justice Rowlatt-a Sedition Committee chuan a siam a. Hei hi Rowlatt Act ti-a hriat zui a ni. He dan duh lohna leh dodalna hi nasa taka kalpui a ni a, ram pumah nawrhna hrang hrang a hring chhuak a ni.

Gandhi

    Kum 1915-ah dan hre mi Mohandas  Karamchand Gandhi chu kum 21 zet ram pawna a awm hnuin South Africa atangin India-ah a lo let a. India zalenna sual kawnga mi pawimawh bera chhal ngam hian a tirah chuan eng party mah a zawm lo a, tharum tel loa zalenna sual chu a thupui ber a ni.

    Kum 1917-ah Civil Disobedience Movement hmasa ber Champaran Satyagraha chu indigo chingtute harsatna su kiang turin a nei a, chawngheia nawrhna hmasa ber Ahmedabad Mill Strike, kum 1918-ah neiin kum 1918-ah vek hian Non Cooperation Movement hmasa ber, Kheda Satyagraha huaihawt lehin zalenna sual kawngah a pen lut ta tak tak a ni.

Jallianwala Bagh Insuatna

    A chung lama tarlan tawh Rowlatt Act duh lohna kal zelah Amritsar, Punjab-a Jallianwala Bagh-ah chuan April ni 13, 1919 khan mipui an pungkhawm chiam a. Heng mipuite hian an hruaitu langsar tak tak, Dr Saif-ud-din Kitchlew leh Dr Satyapal man an nih duh lohna lantir an tum bawk a ni.

    Amritsar-a sipai commander General Dyer chuan heng mipui pungkhawm hi rikrapna hmanga inpektir vek tumin an punkhawmna hmun chu sipai tam tak hmangin a hual a. An punkhawmna Jallianwala Bagh hi chhuahna pakhat chauh nei niin chu chu sipaiin an kharsak a, tlanchhuak thei loa an awm veleh chuan mipui zi mur mur chu silai muin an han phuh tak tak maiah! Mi sang chuang thi leh hliam an awm a ni.

    He insuatna rapthlak duh loh entir nan hian Rabindranath Tagore chuan knighthood nihna an pek chu a pekir a, thil thleng chhui chiang turin Hunter Commission din a ni bawk. Kum 1940 March ni 13-ah he insuatna-a bultumtu ber General Dyer hi phuba lak nan Sardar Udham Singh chuan a kaphlum ve a ni.

Non Cooperation Movement

    India Muslim ten an sakhaw hruaitu anga an ngaih Turkey lal chu Indopui pakhatnaah tlawm zawka an tan avangin Bristish chuan a lal nihna a tihtawpsak a. Chumi dodalna leh lal nihtir leh turin India rama Muslim ho chuan nawrhna nasa tak an huaihawt a, an hruaitu zingah Maulana Azad te, Shaukat Ali leh a unaupa Mohammed Ali te chu a langsar pawl an ni. Gandhi khan he Muslim nawrhna hi Hindu leh Muslim te tanrualna tur hmanraw tha taka ngaiin India National Congress chuan a thlawp vat a, eng thil maha sorkara inhnamhnawih lohna leh sorkar thu zawm loh char charna, Non Cooperation Movement chu he muslim nawrhna Khalifat Movement nen hian a inzawm tlat a ni.

    Kum 1920-a khawmpui, Nagpur-a neih chuan a muanawm thei ang bera sorkar thawhpui duh lohna kalpui a rel a. Hei hi sawi lan tawh Rowlatt Act dodalna te, Jallianwalla Bagh Insuatna te leh Khalifat Movement leh indopui avanga ei leh bar harsat zualna vanga hmalakna a ni ber. Gandhi hnuaia mass based political movement hmasa ber niin an sawi.

    He movement hian mahni-a ro inrelna chu a thupui ber a ni a, kum 1921 Novermber thlaa Prince of Wales lo zin pawh an boycott hial a ni. Sorkar hna leh a kaihhnawih bansanna te, zirna zawng zawng boycott vek te pawh a tel bawk.

    Non Cooperation Movement tihtawp a nih hnu hian hruaitute zingah ngaihdan phir a awm a. CR Das leh Motilal Nehru te chuan sorkar dodalna avanga legislative council zawng zawng boycott vek ai chuan a chhunga luh ve a, siamthat leh a chhung atanga hmalak chu tha zawkin an hria a. Anni hian 1922-ah Congress-Khalifat Swarajya Party an din a. Congress chhungah la awm thoin inthlanna an chuh ve a, 1923-ah phei chuat seat 101 atangin seat 42 an la a. Indian pawl dangte nena tang tlangin Central Legislative Assembly-ah sorkar ruahmanna tam tak an vote tla fo a ni.

Simon Commission

    Bristish sorkar chuan India ram dinhmun leh sorkar kalphungte zirchiang a, danpui siamthat dan ngaihtuah turin kum 1927-ah Indian Statutory Commission, an chairman Simon-a hming chawi a, Simon Commission ti-a hriat bawk chu a din a. He commission hi India mi tel lohna a nih avangin dodalna a nasa hle a, sapho chauhin India dinhmun an sawi tur leh thutlukna an siam tur anga ngaihna chu duh loin kum 1927-a Indian National Congress khawmpui Madras-a neih chuan boycott a rel a ni.

    He Simon Commission hian kum 1928 February ni 3-a India an lo thlen pawhin flag dum nena lo hmuah an ni a, Simon Go Back tih auhla nen nasa takin an lo dodal a ni.

    Simon Commission hnathawh ang hi India mi ngeiin thawh a ngai a ni tih ngaihdan a lo awm a, chumiin a hrin chu India mi ngeiin India danpui tur a duan hmasak ber Nehru Report tih lo ni ta kha a ni a. He report hi kum 1928-ah Motilal Nehru chuan a pharh a ni. Mahse he report hian zalenna famkim aia dominion status a thlan zawk avangin inhnialna a chawk chhuak nasa hle. Tin, hnam bil emaw sakhaw bil ang zawnga aiawh inthlan theihna(communal electorate) a hnawl vek avangin Muslim League hruaitu Jinnah chuan a pawm lo a, Jinnah’s 14 Points ti-a hriat zui tak chu a duang ve leh a ni.

Civil Disobedience Movement

    Kum 1929-a Indian National Congress khawmpui Lahore-a neih chuan zalenna famkim, Poorna Swaraj chu neih ngei tum turin thutlukna a siam a. Kum 1930 January ni 26 chu Independence Day hmasa ber turin a puang nghe nghe a ni. He an thil tum neihna tura hmalak nan Civil Disobedience Movement a puang nghal bawk.

    Civil Disobedience chu muanawm tak leh tharum tel si loa sorkar thu leh dan zawm duh lohna a ni ber a. Lahore khawmpuia puan a nih hma hian 1921-a Allahabad-a khawmpui neih khan puan a tum tawh a, mahse Chauri Chaura hmuna mipui thirimin police station an beih chiam avangin an puang thei rih lo kha a ni. Tun tuma Civil Disobedience Movement an tan hma hian Lord Irwin hnenah Gandhi khan invauna tawp ber point 11 lai mai a thehlut a. Chung chu pawm a nih chuan Civil Disobedience Movement neih loh tur a ni dawn a, mahse hnawl a nih tak avangin Kum 1930 March ni 12-ah Dandi March hmingthang tak hmangin Gandhi leh a hnungzui tura thlan bik mi 78 ten Civil Disobedience Movement chu an tan ta a. Sabarmati Ashram atanga Dandi thlengin km 375 lai kein an kal a ni.

    Civil Disobedience Movement hian India ram pum atangin zawm a hlawh nghal a, sorkar lam pawh a do letna atan a che na viau a, mi singkua lai manin, Congress chu dan pawnah a hnawl bawk a ni.

    Hetih lai hian Round Table Conference hmasa ber chu kum 1930 November ni 12-ah London-ah neih a ni a, mahse Indian National Congress ber an tel duh loh avangin eng mah an rel chhuak lo. Indian National Congress an tel duh theihna turin Lord Irwin leh Gandhi te chuan inremna an siam a, chu an inremnaah chuan sorkarin a mi man zawng zawng a chhuah ang a, mahni hman tur chi siam chhuah phal a ni bawk ang.

    Round Table Conference vawi hnihna tel turin Gandhi leh Sarojini Naidu te ho chuan kum 1931 September thlaah England an pan a. Mahse hetah hian sorkar lamin dominion status pek nghal a, defence, external affairs leh finance pawh hlan tel vek a duh loh avangin India rama an let leh hnuah Civil Disobedience Movement an chhunzawm leh nghal a ni.

    Kum 1932-ah Mc Donald chuan minority, Muslim, Sikh, Christian, Anglo Indians, Backward Class leh hmeichhiaten a hranga an aiawh an thlan theihna dan tur Communal Award ti-a hriat chu a rawt a. Hei hi Backward Class hruaitu Ambedkar te hoin an thawp viau lain Gandhi chuan a duh lo thung a. Do dalna atan chawngheia nawrh a nei zui bawk. Gandhi leh Ambedkar te hian an ngaihdan inan lohna chingfel turin kum 1932 September ni 25-ah inremna Poona Pact an tih chu an siam a, minority ten an aiawh an thlan theihna chu eng emaw zat pawm niin Gandhi pawhin mi hnuaihnung zawkte tana beih chu a thil tum ber pakhatah a hmag chho zui a, Harijan tih tawngkam pawh a chher chhuak bawk a ni.

Indopui Pahnihna

    Kum 1939-ah khawvel indopui pahnihna a lo chhuak a, British sorkar chuan India puihna a mamawh em avangin Lord Linlithgow chuan India chu indopuiah a tel ve thu Central Legislature remtihna tel loin a puang ngawt a. Central Legislature tam ber ni tawh Congress lam chu an bang nghal vek a ni.

    He indopuiah hian British sorkarin zalenna a pek nghal tur thu a intiam theih chuan Indian National Congress chuan Britain an thlawp tur thu an sawi a, mahse indo zawh hmaa tiam lawk an theih loh avangin Central Legislature atangin an bang a ni.

    Indona atan India a mamawh em avangin an puihna an dawn theih dan tur zawngin ruahmanna hrang hrang siam a ni a, kum 1940-a August Offer an tih, dominion status tiamna te, Kum 1942-a Sir Stafford Cripps hona hnuaia Cripps Mission an tih dominion status tiamna ang chite chu India lamin an pawm duh loh avangin a hlawhchham vek a ni.

Quit India Movement

    Bombay khawpuiah kum 1942 August ni 8 khan All India Congress Committee neih a ni a. Chutah chuan British ho chu India chhuahsan nghal tura tihna Quit India resolution an pawm a. Wardha poroposal emaw leaderless revolt tih emawin an sawi bawk. Gandhi chuan British ho chu India chhuahsan nghal a, Pathian kuta dah turin a hrilh a, ‘Tih nge thih(do or die)’ tih a ni ber.

    He movement doletna atan hian sorkar lam chuan hruaitu pawimawh zawng zawng deuh thaw man khawm mah se hmun tam takah an thuneihna chhuhsak an ni a, parallel government din a ni ta hial a ni.

    Quit India Movement-ah hian chhinchhiah tlak khawpin sikul leh college zirlai bakah hmeichhe lam an tel nasa a, chi bil emaw sakhaw bil emaw inkara inhmuhthiam lohna ang kha a awm lo bawk a ni. Sumdawng leh mi hausa lam erawh chuan an thlawp ve lo a, Hindu Mahasabha chuan he movement hi a dodal viau a, Muslim League pawh a inthliarfihlim deuh bawk a ni.

Indian National Army

    Gandhi te hoin tharum tel loa zalenna suala an beih lai hian chu chauh chu a tawk loa ngai leh tharum leh sipai tha chakna hmanga nawr chhuah mai duhtu eng emaw zat an awm ve a. British Indian Army-a officer Mohan Singh chuan Indian National Army din tul a ti a, bultannu hmasa a ni bawk.

    Indopui pahnihna-a British hmelma Japan lam chuan India mi an mante chu Mohan Singh-a hnenah hian hlanin ani hian Indian National Army din nan a lo hmang a. Kum 1942 tawp lamah phei chuan mi singli laiin Indian National Army hi an zawm tawh a ni.

    Kum 1942 March thlaah Tokyo khawpuiah Indian Independence League din a ni a, Ras Bihari Bose chu president-ah thlangin Subash Chandra Bose pawh Berlin-ah Indian League din tur hian a tlanchhuak bawk.

    Kum 1943-ah Subash Chandra Bose hian Ras Bihari Bose puihnain Singapore-ah India sorkar a din a, Singapore bakah Rangoon-ah te hmunpui an nei a ni.

Pakistan

    British-in India a chhuahsan tak tak chuan a tam zawk Hindu ho hnuaiah muslim an him dawn loa hriatna leh an puala sorkar hran neih duhna a awm ve reng a. Kum 1930 khan Mohammad Iqbal chuan Frontier Province, Baluchistan leh Kashmir chu muslim rama siam a rawt a. Pakistan tih hming phuahtu tak chu Chaudhary Rehmat Ali a ni.

    Muslim ram din a nihna tur hian Jinnah kha hma la nasa ber a ni a, kum 1940 September  thlaa Lahore-a Muslim League khawmpui chuan Pakistan dinna tur resolution an pawm a. He resolution hi Jinnah’s Two Nations Theory tih a ni bawk. Kum 1943 December thlaa Muslim League khawmpui Karachi-a neih atang chuan ‘thenhrang ula, chhuak rawh u(divide and quit)’ tih auhla an hmang tan bawk a ni.

    Constituent Assembly inthlanah Congress chuan chiang taka hnehna an chan avangin muslim duh dan chu hliah khuh vek a nih Jinnah chuan a hlau a, British sorkarin India a chhuahsan hnua awm dan tur ruahmanna a siam Cabinet Mission Plan, a hmaa a lo pawm tawh chu sut lehin kum 1946 August ni 16 chu Direct Action Day atan a ruat a. Kum 1947 March ni 27-ah Pakistan Day an hmang nghe nghe a ni.

A Tawpah Zalenna

    Kum 1946 September ni 2 a lo herchhuah chuan India sorkar lailawk chu Jawaharlal Nehru kaihhruaina hnuaiah din a ni ta a. December ni 9-ah session hmasa ber neiin Dr Rajendra Prasad chu president atan thlan a ni bawk.

    Kum 1947 June ni 3-ah viceroy thar Mountbatten chuan ram thar India kalphung tur ruahmanna a siam a. He a ruahmannaah hian India chu thendarh a nih dawn chuan Constituent Assembly pahnih siam a ni ang a, kum 1947 August ni 15-ah thuneihna zawng zawng hlan fel vek tur a ni. Tin, ramri chungchang ngaihtuah tur fel taka dinte pawh a huam tel bawk a ni.

    British parliament chuan kum 1947 July ni 18-ah Mountbatten Plan hi Independence of India Act, 1947 tiin a pawm a, ram pahnih India leh Pakistan anga then tur niin British thuneihna zawng zawng pawh tihbo vek tur a ni.

    Kum 1947 August ni 15 a lo thlen chuan kum tam tak a liam hnu leh thisen tam tak a buak a, nunna tam tak hlan a nih hnuin India chuan British thuneihna lak ata zalenna a lo chang ta a. Viceroy Mountbatten chu Governor General of India ni chhunzawm tura ngen niin Governor General of Pakistan chu Jinnah a ni thung.

    Kum 1857 atanga chhiar tan chuan Indian Nationa Movement hian kum 90 chhung zet a awh a, hemi chhung hian movement hrang hrang awmin hruaitu langsar tak tak pawh tam tak an chhuak a. A tawp a tawpa India-in zalenna a sual chhuah tak hi thisen tam tak senga lei a ni a, India chu khawvela democracy ram lian ber ni turin a rawn ding chhuak ta a ni.